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In the second part we present results of modeling. These results are discussed in the first part of this paper. We measured the dependence of energy resolution and relative pulse amplitude of ZnWO 4 scintillation detectors on the crystal shape (hexagonal and cylindrical), design and material of a reflector, type of optical contact with the photodetector, and optical condition of the crystal scintillator surface (polished and diffuse). Therefore, the results on the optimization of the light collection efficiency for this material can be applicable to other cryogenic scintillating bolometers. Moreover zinc tungstate has optical properties very similar to those of other representatives of the ABO 4 (A=Ca, Zn, Cd B=Mo, W) family of heavy inorganic scintillators which are considered as attractive complementary targets for cryogenic rare event searches. The choice of the scintillator was motivated by the fact that it is a promising target for dark matter and/or 2β decay experiments due to high light output, very low level of radioactive contamination and its composition (presence of zinc and tungsten nuclei containing potentially 2β active isotopes), ,,.
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In this work we studied the performance of ZnWO 4 scintillation detectors using experimental and simulation approaches. scintillator shape, surface condition, wrapping, optical contact and reflector. Therefore, the aim of this work is to investigate how the light collection of scintillation detectors is dependent on the particular choice of the experimental setup, i.e. When designing detection modules for such applications it is important to understand and control the factors that influence overall light collection. In 2β experiments the light collection is crucial for achieving effective pulse-shape discrimination, in particular for random coincidence events, which were recently recognized as one of the problematic sources of background in bolometric detectors, especially when the search involves the isotope 100Mo that has a particularly fast two neutrino double beta decay rate. Maximizing the light collection is of particular importance for dark matter experiments where a low energy threshold is needed for separation of nuclear recoil events (effect) from gamma/beta events (background) as this eventually defines the experiment׳s sensitivity. Given that less than half of the photons generated in a scintillation crystal reach the photodetector, , it is apparent that the efficiency of light collection has a significant effect on the overall performance of a detection module. The design and optimization of detectors for the next generation of cryogenic experiments require not only knowledge on the physics of conversion of high-energy quanta to visible photons but also an understanding of the mechanism of light transport in the crystal.
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The aim of a number of R&D projects is to build 2β decay experiments for the exploration of neutrino mass hierarchy scenarios using CdWO 4, , CaMoO 4, ZnSe, ,, and ZnMoO 4, , crystal scintillators. In particular, the goal of the EURECA project is to build a ton-scale cryogenic detector to investigate WIMP-nucleon scattering. For instance, the CRESST collaboration already uses low-temperature CaWO 4 scintillating bolometers to search for weakly interacting massive particles (WIMP), while several experiments are in preparation to search for dark matter and 2β decay. They also offer the important possibility of using compounds with a choice of different nuclei.
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This could be applied to optimize the geometry of scintillation detectors used in the cryogenic experiments.Ĭryogenic scintillators are a promising detector component to search for dark matter and neutrinoless double beta (2β) decay due to excellent energy resolution, particle discrimination ability, and low energy threshold. The results of the simulations are found to be in good agreement with each other and with direct measurements of the crystals. Propagation of optical photons in these experimental conditions was simulated using Geant4 and ZEMAX codes. Energy resolutions and relative pulse amplitudes of scintillation detectors using ZnWO 4 scintillation crystals of different shapes (cylinder ∅ 20×20 mm and hexagonal prism with diagonal 20 mm and height 20 mm), reflector materials and shapes, optical contact and surface properties (polished and diffused) were measured at room temperature. The purpose of this study is to investigate the possibility for improving this parameter in cryogenic scintillation bolometers, which can be considered as promising detectors in experiments investigating neutrinoless double beta decay and dark matter. High light collection efficiency is an important requirement in any application of scintillation detectors.